nicenote/docs/fea/norms.md
2021-10-20 12:01:04 +08:00

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💊 书写规范 4 /norms

💊 书写规范

使用语义化的命名

Bad:

const yyyymmdstr = moment().format("YYYY/MM/DD");

Good:

const currentDate = moment().format("YYYY/MM/DD");

对相同类型的变量使用相同的词汇表

Bad:

getUserInfo();
getClientData();
getCustomerRecord();

Good:

getUser();

静态变量用全大写定义好

Bad:

// 86400000 是啥意思?
setTimeout(blastOff, 86400000);

Good:

// 说明这个时间的定义原因
const MILLISECONDS_PER_DAY = 60 * 60 * 24 * 1000; //86400000;

setTimeout(blastOff, MILLISECONDS_PER_DAY);

函数

函数名应该说明它们的作用

Bad:

function addToDate(date, month) {
  // ...
}

const date = new Date();

// It's hard to tell from the function name what is added
addToDate(date, 1);

Good:

function addMonthToDate(month, date) {
  // ...
}

const date = new Date();
addMonthToDate(1, date);

函数应该只是一个抽象层次

当你有一个以上的抽象层次时,你的函数通常做得太多了。拆分功能可以带来可重用性和更容易的测试。

Bad:

function parseBetterJSAlternative(code) {
  const REGEXES = [
    // ...
  ];

  const statements = code.split(" ");
  const tokens = [];
  REGEXES.forEach(REGEX => {
    statements.forEach(statement => {
      // ...
    });
  });

  const ast = [];
  tokens.forEach(token => {
    // lex...
  });

  ast.forEach(node => {
    // parse...
  });
}

Good:

function parseBetterJSAlternative(code) {
  const tokens = tokenize(code);
  const syntaxTree = parse(tokens);
  syntaxTree.forEach(node => {
    // parse...
  });
}

function tokenize(code) {
  const REGEXES = [
    // ...
  ];

  const statements = code.split(" ");
  const tokens = [];
  REGEXES.forEach(REGEX => {
    statements.forEach(statement => {
      tokens.push(/* ... */);
    });
  });

  return tokens;
}

function parse(tokens) {
  const syntaxTree = [];
  tokens.forEach(token => {
    syntaxTree.push(/* ... */);
  });

  return syntaxTree;
}

删除重复的代码

尽最大努力避免重复代码。 重复代码是不好的,因为这意味着如果您需要更改某些逻辑,有不止一个地方可以更改某些内容。

想象一下,如果你经营一家餐厅并跟踪您的库存:所有的西红柿、洋葱、大蒜、香料等。如果有多个清单,那么当提供带有西红柿的菜肴时,所有清单都必须更新一遍。 但如果只有一个列表,只需要更新一个地方。

Bad:

function showDeveloperList(developers) {
  developers.forEach(developer => {
    const expectedSalary = developer.calculateExpectedSalary();
    const experience = developer.getExperience();
    const githubLink = developer.getGithubLink();
    const data = {
      expectedSalary,
      experience,
      githubLink
    };

    render(data);
  });
}

function showManagerList(managers) {
  managers.forEach(manager => {
    const expectedSalary = manager.calculateExpectedSalary();
    const experience = manager.getExperience();
    const portfolio = manager.getMBAProjects();
    const data = {
      expectedSalary,
      experience,
      portfolio
    };

    render(data);
  });
}

Good:

function showEmployeeList(employees) {
  employees.forEach(employee => {
    const expectedSalary = employee.calculateExpectedSalary();
    const experience = employee.getExperience();

    const data = {
      expectedSalary,
      experience
    };

    switch (employee.type) {
      case "manager":
        data.portfolio = employee.getMBAProjects();
        break;
      case "developer":
        data.githubLink = employee.getGithubLink();
        break;
    }

    render(data);
  });
}

使用Object.assign设置默认对象

Bad:

const menuConfig = {
  title: null,
  body: "Bar",
  buttonText: null,
  cancellable: true
};

function createMenu(config) {
  config.title = config.title || "Foo";
  config.body = config.body || "Bar";
  config.buttonText = config.buttonText || "Baz";
  config.cancellable =
    config.cancellable !== undefined ? config.cancellable : true;
}

createMenu(menuConfig);

Good:

const menuConfig = {
  title: "Order",
  // User did not include 'body' key
  buttonText: "Send",
  cancellable: true
};

function createMenu(config) {
  let finalConfig = Object.assign(
    {
      title: "Foo",
      body: "Bar",
      buttonText: "Baz",
      cancellable: true
    },
    config
  );
  return finalConfig
  // config now equals: {title: "Order", body: "Bar", buttonText: "Send", cancellable: true}
  // ...
}

createMenu(menuConfig);

不要使用标志作为函数参数

标志告诉用户这个函数做不止一件事。函数应该只做一件事。如果函数基于布尔值执行不同的代码逻辑,则应该将它们分割开来。

Bad:

function createFile(name, temp) {
  if (temp) {
    fs.create(`./temp/${name}`);
  } else {
    fs.create(name);
  }
}

Good:

function createFile(name) {
  fs.create(name);
}

function createTempFile(name) {
  createFile(`./temp/${name}`);
}

避免副作用1

Bad:

let name = "Ryan McDermott";

function splitIntoFirstAndLastName() {
  name = name.split(" ");
}

splitIntoFirstAndLastName();

console.log(name); // ['Ryan', 'McDermott'];

Good:

function splitIntoFirstAndLastName(name) {
  return name.split(" ");
}

const name = "Ryan McDermott";
const newName = splitIntoFirstAndLastName(name);

console.log(name); // 'Ryan McDermott';
console.log(newName); // ['Ryan', 'McDermott'];

避免副作用2

Bad:

const addItemToCart = (cart, item) => {
  cart.push({ item, date: Date.now() });
};

Good:

const addItemToCart = (cart, item) => {
  return [...cart, { item, date: Date.now() }];
};

不要更改全局函数

Bad:

Array.prototype.diff = function diff(comparisonArray) {
  const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
  return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));
};

Good:

class SuperArray extends Array {
  diff(comparisonArray) {
    const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
    return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));
  }
}

多用函数式编程

JavaScript不像Haskell那样是一种函数式语言但它具有函数式风格。函数式语言更简洁更容易测试。如果可以的话尽量使用这种编程风格。

Bad:

const programmerOutput = [
  {
    name: "Uncle Bobby",
    linesOfCode: 500
  },
  {
    name: "Suzie Q",
    linesOfCode: 1500
  },
  {
    name: "Jimmy Gosling",
    linesOfCode: 150
  },
  {
    name: "Gracie Hopper",
    linesOfCode: 1000
  }
];

let totalOutput = 0;

for (let i = 0; i < programmerOutput.length; i++) {
  totalOutput += programmerOutput[i].linesOfCode;
}

Good:

const programmerOutput = [
  {
    name: "Uncle Bobby",
    linesOfCode: 500
  },
  {
    name: "Suzie Q",
    linesOfCode: 1500
  },
  {
    name: "Jimmy Gosling",
    linesOfCode: 150
  },
  {
    name: "Gracie Hopper",
    linesOfCode: 1000
  }
];

const totalOutput = programmerOutput.reduce(
  (totalLines, output) => totalLines + output.linesOfCode,
  0
);

封装条件

Bad:

if (fsm.state === "fetching" && isEmpty(listNode)) {
  // ...
}

Good:

function shouldShowSpinner(fsm, listNode) {
  return fsm.state === "fetching" && isEmpty(listNode);
}

if (shouldShowSpinner(fsmInstance, listNodeInstance)) {
  // ...
}

避免条件

这似乎是一个不可能完成的任务。大多数人一听到这句话就会说:“如果没有if语句我该怎么做呢?”答案是,您可以在许多情况下使用多态性来实现相同的任务。第二个问题通常是,"这很好,但我为什么要这么做?"答案是我们以前学到的一个干净的代码概念:一个函数应该只做一件事。当你有带有if语句的类和函数时你是在告诉用户你的函数做不止一件事。记住只做一件事。

Bad:

class Airplane {
  // ...
  getCruisingAltitude() {
    switch (this.type) {
      case "777":
        return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getPassengerCount();
      case "Air Force One":
        return this.getMaxAltitude();
      case "Cessna":
        return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getFuelExpenditure();
    }
  }
}

Good:

class Airplane {
  // ...
}

class Boeing777 extends Airplane {
  // ...
  getCruisingAltitude() {
    return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getPassengerCount();
  }
}

class AirForceOne extends Airplane {
  // ...
  getCruisingAltitude() {
    return this.getMaxAltitude();
  }
}

class Cessna extends Airplane {
  // ...
  getCruisingAltitude() {
    return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getFuelExpenditure();
  }
}

避免类型检查 (part 1)

JavaScript是无类型的这意味着函数可以接受任何类型的参数。有时您会被这种自由所困扰并忍不住在函数中进行类型检查。有很多方法可以避免这样做。首先要考虑的是一致的api。

Bad:

function travelToTexas(vehicle) {
  if (vehicle instanceof Bicycle) {
    vehicle.pedal(this.currentLocation, new Location("texas"));
  } else if (vehicle instanceof Car) {
    vehicle.drive(this.currentLocation, new Location("texas"));
  }
}

Good:

function travelToTexas(vehicle) {
  vehicle.move(this.currentLocation, new Location("texas"));
}

避免类型检查 (part 2)

如果你使用的是基本的原始值比如字符串和整数你不能使用多态性但你仍然觉得有必要进行类型检查你应该考虑使用TypeScript。它是普通JavaScript的一个很好的替代方案因为它提供了标准JavaScript语法之上的静态类型。手动类型检查常规JavaScript的问题是要想做得好需要太多额外的废话以至于你得到的伪“类型安全”并不能弥补失去的可读性。保持JavaScript整洁编写优秀的测试并进行良好的代码审查。 Bad:

function combine(val1, val2) {
  if (
    (typeof val1 === "number" && typeof val2 === "number") ||
    (typeof val1 === "string" && typeof val2 === "string")
  ) {
    return val1 + val2;
  }

  throw new Error("Must be of type String or Number");
}

Good:

function combine(val1, val2) {
  return val1 + val2;
}

不要过度优化

Bad:

for (let i = 0, len = list.length; i < len; i++) {
  // ...
}

Good:

for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
  // ...
}

删除无用代码

死代码和重复代码一样糟糕。没有理由将它保存在代码库中。如果它没有被调用,就把它处理掉!如果您仍然需要它,它在您的版本历史中仍然是安全的。

Bad:

function oldRequestModule(url) {
  // ...
}

function newRequestModule(url) {
  // ...
}

const req = newRequestModule;
inventoryTracker("apples", req, "www.inventory-awesome.io");

Good:

function newRequestModule(url) {
  // ...
}

const req = newRequestModule;
inventoryTracker("apples", req, "www.inventory-awesome.io");

对象和数据结构

使用getters/setters语句

使用getter和setter访问对象上的数据可能比简单地查找对象上的属性更好。你可能会问:“为什么?“,下面列举了一些原因:

  • 当您想要做的不仅仅是获取一个对象属性时,您不必在代码库中查找和更改每个访问器。
  • 使得set执行集合时添加验证变得简单。
  • 易于添加日志和错误处理时,获取和设置。
  • 你可以延迟加载对象的属性,比如说从服务器获取。

Bad:

function makeBankAccount() {
  // ...

  return {
    balance: 0
    // ...
  };
}

const account = makeBankAccount();
account.balance = 100;

Good:

function makeBankAccount() {
  // this one is private
  let balance = 0;

  // a "getter", made public via the returned object below
  function getBalance() {
    return balance;
  }

  // a "setter", made public via the returned object below
  function setBalance(amount) {
    // ... validate before updating the balance
    balance = amount;
  }

  return {
    // ...
    getBalance,
    setBalance
  };
}

const account = makeBankAccount();
account.setBalance(100);

使对象具有私有成员

这可以通过闭包(针对ES5及以下版本)来实现。

Bad:

const Employee = function(name) {
  this.name = name;
};

Employee.prototype.getName = function getName() {
  return this.name;
};

const employee = new Employee("John Doe");
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe
delete employee.name;
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: undefined

Good:

function makeEmployee(name) {
  return {
    getName() {
      return name;
    }
  };
}

const employee = makeEmployee("John Doe");
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe
delete employee.name;
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe

Classes

多用ES6

Bad:

const Animal = function(age) {
  if (!(this instanceof Animal)) {
    throw new Error("Instantiate Animal with `new`");
  }

  this.age = age;
};

Animal.prototype.move = function move() {};

const Mammal = function(age, furColor) {
  if (!(this instanceof Mammal)) {
    throw new Error("Instantiate Mammal with `new`");
  }

  Animal.call(this, age);
  this.furColor = furColor;
};

Mammal.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Mammal.prototype.constructor = Mammal;
Mammal.prototype.liveBirth = function liveBirth() {};

const Human = function(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
  if (!(this instanceof Human)) {
    throw new Error("Instantiate Human with `new`");
  }

  Mammal.call(this, age, furColor);
  this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
};

Human.prototype = Object.create(Mammal.prototype);
Human.prototype.constructor = Human;
Human.prototype.speak = function speak() {};

Good:

class Animal {
  constructor(age) {
    this.age = age;
  }

  move() {
    /* ... */
  }
}

class Mammal extends Animal {
  constructor(age, furColor) {
    super(age);
    this.furColor = furColor;
  }

  liveBirth() {
    /* ... */
  }
}

class Human extends Mammal {
  constructor(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
    super(age, furColor);
    this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
  }

  speak() {
    /* ... */
  }
}

使用方法链

这种模式在 JavaScript 中非常有用,您可以在许多库中看到它,例如 jQuery 和 Lodash。 它使您的代码具有表现力,并且不那么冗长。 出于这个原因,我说,使用方法链并看看您的代码将有多干净。 在您的类函数中,只需在每个函数的末尾返回 this您就可以将更多的类方法链接到它上面。

Bad:

class Car {
  constructor(make, model, color) {
    this.make = make;
    this.model = model;
    this.color = color;
  }

  setMake(make) {
    this.make = make;
  }

  setModel(model) {
    this.model = model;
  }

  setColor(color) {
    this.color = color;
  }

  save() {
    console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
  }
}

const car = new Car("Ford", "F-150", "red");
car.setColor("pink");
car.save();

Good:

class Car {
  constructor(make, model, color) {
    this.make = make;
    this.model = model;
    this.color = color;
  }

  setMake(make) {
    this.make = make;
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }

  setModel(model) {
    this.model = model;
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }

  setColor(color) {
    this.color = color;
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }

  save() {
    console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }
}

const car = new Car("Ford", "F-150", "red").setColor("pink").save();

偏好组合而非继承

正如在Gang of Four的设计模式中所说的那样您应该尽可能地选择组合而不是继承。有很多很好的理由使用继承也有很多很好的理由使用组合。这条格言的主要观点是如果你的头脑本能地倾向于继承试着思考一下构图是否能更好地模拟你的问题。在某些情况下是可以的。

您可能会想,“我应该在什么时候使用继承?”这取决于您手头的问题,但这是继承比组合更有意义的一些不错的点:

  1. 你的继承代表的是“是-a”关系而不是“是-a”关系(Human->Animal vs. User->UserDetails)。 relationship (Human->Animal vs. User->UserDetails).
  2. 您可以重用基类中的代码(人类可以像所有动物一样移动)。
  3. 您希望通过更改基类来对派生类进行全局更改。(改变所有动物运动时的热量消耗)。

Bad:

class Employee {
  constructor(name, email) {
    this.name = name;
    this.email = email;
  }

  // ...
}

// Bad because Employees "have" tax data. EmployeeTaxData is not a type of Employee
class EmployeeTaxData extends Employee {
  constructor(ssn, salary) {
    super();
    this.ssn = ssn;
    this.salary = salary;
  }

  // ...
}

Good:

class EmployeeTaxData {
  constructor(ssn, salary) {
    this.ssn = ssn;
    this.salary = salary;
  }

  // ...
}

class Employee {
  constructor(name, email) {
    this.name = name;
    this.email = email;
  }

  setTaxData(ssn, salary) {
    this.taxData = new EmployeeTaxData(ssn, salary);
  }
  // ...
}

固态

单一责任原则

正如Clean Code中所述“一个类的更改原因不应该超过一个”。如果你只能带一个行李箱上飞机那就很容易把一门课程塞进很多功能中。这样做的问题是你的类在概念上没有连贯性这会给它带来很多改变的理由。将更改类的时间最小化是很重要的。这很重要因为如果一个类中有太多的功能而您修改了其中的一部分就很难理解这将如何影响代码库中的其他依赖模块。

Bad:

class UserSettings {
  constructor(user) {
    this.user = user;
  }

  changeSettings(settings) {
    if (this.verifyCredentials()) {
      // ...
    }
  }

  verifyCredentials() {
    // ...
  }
}

Good:

class UserAuth {
  constructor(user) {
    this.user = user;
  }

  verifyCredentials() {
    // ...
  }
}

class UserSettings {
  constructor(user) {
    this.user = user;
    this.auth = new UserAuth(user);
  }

  changeSettings(settings) {
    if (this.auth.verifyCredentials()) {
      // ...
    }
  }
}

开放封闭原则

正如Bertrand Meyer所说“软件实体(类、模块、函数等)应该对扩展开放,但对修改关闭。”这意味着什么呢?这个原则基本上是说,您应该允许用户添加新功能,而不改变现有的代码。

Bad:

class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.name = "ajaxAdapter";
  }
}

class NodeAdapter extends Adapter {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.name = "nodeAdapter";
  }
}

class HttpRequester {
  constructor(adapter) {
    this.adapter = adapter;
  }

  fetch(url) {
    if (this.adapter.name === "ajaxAdapter") {
      return makeAjaxCall(url).then(response => {
        // transform response and return
      });
    } else if (this.adapter.name === "nodeAdapter") {
      return makeHttpCall(url).then(response => {
        // transform response and return
      });
    }
  }
}

function makeAjaxCall(url) {
  // request and return promise
}

function makeHttpCall(url) {
  // request and return promise
}

Good:

class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.name = "ajaxAdapter";
  }

  request(url) {
    // request and return promise
  }
}

class NodeAdapter extends Adapter {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.name = "nodeAdapter";
  }

  request(url) {
    // request and return promise
  }
}

class HttpRequester {
  constructor(adapter) {
    this.adapter = adapter;
  }

  fetch(url) {
    return this.adapter.request(url).then(response => {
      // transform response and return
    });
  }
}

里氏替换原则

对于一个非常简单的概念来说这是一个可怕的术语。它被正式定义为“如果S是T的子类型那么T类型的对象可以被S类型的对象替换(也就是说S类型的对象可以替换T类型的对象),而不改变该程序的任何理想属性(正确性,执行的任务,等等)。”这是一个更可怕的定义。

对此最好的解释是,如果你有一个父类和一个子类,那么基类和子类可以互换使用,而不会得到错误的结果。这可能仍然令人困惑,所以让我们看看经典的正方形-矩形示例。从数学上讲正方形是一个矩形但是如果您通过继承使用“is-a”关系来建模它您很快就会遇到麻烦。

Bad:

class Rectangle {
  constructor() {
    this.width = 0;
    this.height = 0;
  }

  setColor(color) {
    // ...
  }

  render(area) {
    // ...
  }

  setWidth(width) {
    this.width = width;
  }

  setHeight(height) {
    this.height = height;
  }

  getArea() {
    return this.width * this.height;
  }
}

class Square extends Rectangle {
  setWidth(width) {
    this.width = width;
    this.height = width;
  }

  setHeight(height) {
    this.width = height;
    this.height = height;
  }
}

function renderLargeRectangles(rectangles) {
  rectangles.forEach(rectangle => {
    rectangle.setWidth(4);
    rectangle.setHeight(5);
    const area = rectangle.getArea(); // BAD: Returns 25 for Square. Should be 20.
    rectangle.render(area);
  });
}

const rectangles = [new Rectangle(), new Rectangle(), new Square()];
renderLargeRectangles(rectangles);

Good:

class Shape {
  setColor(color) {
    // ...
  }

  render(area) {
    // ...
  }
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {
  constructor(width, height) {
    super();
    this.width = width;
    this.height = height;
  }

  getArea() {
    return this.width * this.height;
  }
}

class Square extends Shape {
  constructor(length) {
    super();
    this.length = length;
  }

  getArea() {
    return this.length * this.length;
  }
}

function renderLargeShapes(shapes) {
  shapes.forEach(shape => {
    const area = shape.getArea();
    shape.render(area);
  });
}

const shapes = [new Rectangle(4, 5), new Rectangle(4, 5), new Square(5)];
renderLargeShapes(shapes);

接口隔离原理

JavaScript没有接口所以这个原则不像其他原则那么严格。然而即使在JavaScript缺乏类型系统的情况下它也很重要和相关。

ISP声明:“不应该强迫客户依赖他们不使用的接口。”由于duck类型接口在JavaScript中是隐式契约

在JavaScript中演示这一原则的一个很好的例子是需要大型设置对象的类。不需要客户设置大量的选项是有益的因为大多数时候他们不需要所有的设置。使它们可选有助于防止出现“臃肿”。

Bad:

class DOMTraverser {
  constructor(settings) {
    this.settings = settings;
    this.setup();
  }

  setup() {
    this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode;
    this.settings.animationModule.setup();
  }

  traverse() {
    // ...
  }
}

const $ = new DOMTraverser({
  rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName("body"),
  animationModule() {} // Most of the time, we won't need to animate when traversing.
  // ...
});

Good:

class DOMTraverser {
  constructor(settings) {
    this.settings = settings;
    this.options = settings.options;
    this.setup();
  }

  setup() {
    this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode;
    this.setupOptions();
  }

  setupOptions() {
    if (this.options.animationModule) {
      // ...
    }
  }

  traverse() {
    // ...
  }
}

const $ = new DOMTraverser({
  rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName("body"),
  options: {
    animationModule() {}
  }
});

依赖倒置原理

这个原则陈述了两个重要的事情:

  1. 高级模块不应该依赖于低级模块。 两者都应该依赖于抽象。
  2. 抽象不应该依赖于细节。 细节应该取决于抽象。

一开始这可能很难理解,但是如果您使用过 AngularJS您就会看到该原则以依赖注入 (DI) 的形式实现。 虽然它们不是相同的概念,但 DIP 使高级模块无法了解其低级模块的详细信息并进行设置。 它可以通过 DI 实现这一点。 这样做的一个巨大好处是它减少了模块之间的耦合。 耦合是一种非常糟糕的开发模式,因为它使您的代码难以重构。

如前所述JavaScript 没有接口,因此依赖的抽象是隐式契约。 也就是说,一个对象/类向另一个对象/类公开的方法和属性。 在下面的示例中,隐式约定是 anInventoryTracker 的任何请求模块都将具有 requestItems 方法。

Bad:

class InventoryRequester {
  constructor() {
    this.REQ_METHODS = ["HTTP"];
  }

  requestItem(item) {
    // ...
  }
}

class InventoryTracker {
  constructor(items) {
    this.items = items;

    // BAD: We have created a dependency on a specific request implementation.
    // We should just have requestItems depend on a request method: `request`
    this.requester = new InventoryRequester();
  }

  requestItems() {
    this.items.forEach(item => {
      this.requester.requestItem(item);
    });
  }
}

const inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(["apples", "bananas"]);
inventoryTracker.requestItems();

Good:

class InventoryTracker {
  constructor(items, requester) {
    this.items = items;
    this.requester = requester;
  }

  requestItems() {
    this.items.forEach(item => {
      this.requester.requestItem(item);
    });
  }
}

class InventoryRequesterV1 {
  constructor() {
    this.REQ_METHODS = ["HTTP"];
  }

  requestItem(item) {
    // ...
  }
}

class InventoryRequesterV2 {
  constructor() {
    this.REQ_METHODS = ["WS"];
  }

  requestItem(item) {
    // ...
  }
}

// By constructing our dependencies externally and injecting them, we can easily
// substitute our request module for a fancy new one that uses WebSockets.
const inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(
  ["apples", "bananas"],
  new InventoryRequesterV2()
);
inventoryTracker.requestItems();

测试

每次测试单一概念

Bad:

import assert from "assert";

describe("MomentJS", () => {
  it("handles date boundaries", () => {
    let date;

    date = new MomentJS("1/1/2015");
    date.addDays(30);
    assert.equal("1/31/2015", date);

    date = new MomentJS("2/1/2016");
    date.addDays(28);
    assert.equal("02/29/2016", date);

    date = new MomentJS("2/1/2015");
    date.addDays(28);
    assert.equal("03/01/2015", date);
  });
});

Good:

import assert from "assert";

describe("MomentJS", () => {
  it("handles 30-day months", () => {
    const date = new MomentJS("1/1/2015");
    date.addDays(30);
    assert.equal("1/31/2015", date);
  });

  it("handles leap year", () => {
    const date = new MomentJS("2/1/2016");
    date.addDays(28);
    assert.equal("02/29/2016", date);
  });

  it("handles non-leap year", () => {
    const date = new MomentJS("2/1/2015");
    date.addDays(28);
    assert.equal("03/01/2015", date);
  });
});

并发性

尽量使用promise

Callbacks aren't clean, and they cause excessive amounts of nesting. With ES2015/ES6, Promises are a built-in global type. Use them!

Bad:

import { get } from "request";
import { writeFile } from "fs";

get(
  "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin",
  (requestErr, response, body) => {
    if (requestErr) {
      console.error(requestErr);
    } else {
      writeFile("article.html", body, writeErr => {
        if (writeErr) {
          console.error(writeErr);
        } else {
          console.log("File written");
        }
      });
    }
  }
);

Good:

import { get } from "request-promise";
import { writeFile } from "fs-extra";

get("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin")
  .then(body => {
    return writeFile("article.html", body);
  })
  .then(() => {
    console.log("File written");
  })
  .catch(err => {
    console.error(err);
  });

Async/Await 更优于Promise

Promise 是回调的一个非常干净的替代方案,但 ES2017/ES8 带来了 asyncawait ,它们提供了一个更干净的解决方案。 您所需要的只是一个以 async 关键字为前缀的函数,然后您就可以在没有 then 函数链的情况下命令式地编写逻辑。 如果您今天可以利用 ES2017/ES8 功能,请使用它!

Bad:

import { get } from "request-promise";
import { writeFile } from "fs-extra";

get("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin")
  .then(body => {
    return writeFile("article.html", body);
  })
  .then(() => {
    console.log("File written");
  })
  .catch(err => {
    console.error(err);
  });

Good:

import { get } from "request-promise";
import { writeFile } from "fs-extra";

async function getCleanCodeArticle() {
  try {
    const body = await get(
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin"
    );
    await writeFile("article.html", body);
    console.log("File written");
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(err);
  }
}

getCleanCodeArticle()

错误警告捕捉

不要忘记捕捉报错

对捕获的错误不采取任何措施并不能让您永远修复或应对所述错误。 将错误记录到控制台 (console.log) 并没有好到哪里去,因为它经常会迷失在打印到控制台的大量内容中。 如果你在 try/catch 中包装了任何代码,这意味着你认为那里可能会发生错误,因此你应该有一个计划,或者创建一个代码路径,以备不时之需。

Bad:

try {
  functionThatMightThrow();
} catch (error) {
  console.log(error);
}

Good:

try {
  functionThatMightThrow();
} catch (error) {
  // One option (more noisy than console.log):
  console.error(error);
  // Another option:
  notifyUserOfError(error);
  // Another option:
  reportErrorToService(error);
  // OR do all three!
}

模式

一致化命名

JavaScript是无类型的所以大写可以告诉你很多关于变量、函数等的信息。这些规则是主观的所以你的团队可以选择他们想要的任何规则。关键是无论你们选择什么保持一致就好。

Bad:

const DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
const daysInMonth = 30;

const songs = ["Back In Black", "Stairway to Heaven", "Hey Jude"];
const Artists = ["ACDC", "Led Zeppelin", "The Beatles"];

function eraseDatabase() {}
function restore_database() {}

class animal {}
class Alpaca {}

Good:

const DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
const DAYS_IN_MONTH = 30;

const SONGS = ["Back In Black", "Stairway to Heaven", "Hey Jude"];
const ARTISTS = ["ACDC", "Led Zeppelin", "The Beatles"];

function eraseDatabase() {}
function restoreDatabase() {}

class Animal {}
class Alpaca {}

函数调用者和被调用者应该是接近的

如果一个函数调用另一个函数,在源文件中保持这些函数垂直接近。理想情况下,让打电话的人在被打电话的人的正上方。我们倾向于从上到下阅读代码,就像阅读报纸一样。因此,让您的代码以这种方式阅读。

Bad:

class PerformanceReview {
  constructor(employee) {
    this.employee = employee;
  }

  lookupPeers() {
    return db.lookup(this.employee, "peers");
  }

  lookupManager() {
    return db.lookup(this.employee, "manager");
  }

  getPeerReviews() {
    const peers = this.lookupPeers();
    // ...
  }

  perfReview() {
    this.getPeerReviews();
    this.getManagerReview();
    this.getSelfReview();
  }

  getManagerReview() {
    const manager = this.lookupManager();
  }

  getSelfReview() {
    // ...
  }
}

const review = new PerformanceReview(employee);
review.perfReview();

Good:

class PerformanceReview {
  constructor(employee) {
    this.employee = employee;
  }

  perfReview() {
    this.getPeerReviews();
    this.getManagerReview();
    this.getSelfReview();
  }

  getPeerReviews() {
    const peers = this.lookupPeers();
    // ...
  }

  lookupPeers() {
    return db.lookup(this.employee, "peers");
  }

  getManagerReview() {
    const manager = this.lookupManager();
  }

  lookupManager() {
    return db.lookup(this.employee, "manager");
  }

  getSelfReview() {
    // ...
  }
}

const review = new PerformanceReview(employee);
review.perfReview();

注释

只注释具有业务逻辑复杂性的东西

Bad:

function hashIt(data) {
  // The hash
  let hash = 0;

  // Length of string
  const length = data.length;

  // Loop through every character in data
  for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    // Get character code.
    const char = data.charCodeAt(i);
    // Make the hash
    hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char;
    // Convert to 32-bit integer
    hash &= hash;
  }
}

Good:

function hashIt(data) {
  let hash = 0;
  const length = data.length;

  for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    const char = data.charCodeAt(i);
    hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char;

    // Convert to 32-bit integer
    hash &= hash;
  }
}

不要在你的代码库中留下注释掉的代码

Bad:

doStuff();
// doOtherStuff();
// doSomeMoreStuff();
// doSoMuchStuff();

Good:

doStuff();

不要写日志评论

记住,使用版本控制!不需要死代码、注释代码,尤其是日志注释。使用 git log 来获取历史记录

Bad:

/**
 * 2016-12-20: Removed monads, didn't understand them (RM)
 * 2016-10-01: Improved using special monads (JP)
 * 2016-02-03: Removed type-checking (LI)
 * 2015-03-14: Added combine with type-checking (JR)
 */
function combine(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}

Good:

function combine(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}