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💊 书写规范
使用语义化的命名
Bad:
const yyyymmdstr = moment().format("YYYY/MM/DD");
Good:
const currentDate = moment().format("YYYY/MM/DD");
对相同类型的变量使用相同的词汇表
Bad:
getUserInfo();
getClientData();
getCustomerRecord();
Good:
getUser();
静态变量用全大写定义好
Bad:
// 86400000 是啥意思?
setTimeout(blastOff, 86400000);
Good:
// 说明这个时间的定义原因
const MILLISECONDS_PER_DAY = 60 * 60 * 24 * 1000; //86400000;
setTimeout(blastOff, MILLISECONDS_PER_DAY);
函数
函数名应该说明它们的作用
Bad:
function addToDate(date, month) {
// ...
}
const date = new Date();
// It's hard to tell from the function name what is added
addToDate(date, 1);
Good:
function addMonthToDate(month, date) {
// ...
}
const date = new Date();
addMonthToDate(1, date);
函数应该只是一个抽象层次
当你有一个以上的抽象层次时,你的函数通常做得太多了。拆分功能可以带来可重用性和更容易的测试。
Bad:
function parseBetterJSAlternative(code) {
const REGEXES = [
// ...
];
const statements = code.split(" ");
const tokens = [];
REGEXES.forEach(REGEX => {
statements.forEach(statement => {
// ...
});
});
const ast = [];
tokens.forEach(token => {
// lex...
});
ast.forEach(node => {
// parse...
});
}
Good:
function parseBetterJSAlternative(code) {
const tokens = tokenize(code);
const syntaxTree = parse(tokens);
syntaxTree.forEach(node => {
// parse...
});
}
function tokenize(code) {
const REGEXES = [
// ...
];
const statements = code.split(" ");
const tokens = [];
REGEXES.forEach(REGEX => {
statements.forEach(statement => {
tokens.push(/* ... */);
});
});
return tokens;
}
function parse(tokens) {
const syntaxTree = [];
tokens.forEach(token => {
syntaxTree.push(/* ... */);
});
return syntaxTree;
}
删除重复的代码
尽最大努力避免重复代码。 重复代码是不好的,因为这意味着如果您需要更改某些逻辑,有不止一个地方可以更改某些内容。
想象一下,如果你经营一家餐厅并跟踪您的库存:所有的西红柿、洋葱、大蒜、香料等。如果有多个清单,那么当提供带有西红柿的菜肴时,所有清单都必须更新一遍。 但如果只有一个列表,只需要更新一个地方。
Bad:
function showDeveloperList(developers) {
developers.forEach(developer => {
const expectedSalary = developer.calculateExpectedSalary();
const experience = developer.getExperience();
const githubLink = developer.getGithubLink();
const data = {
expectedSalary,
experience,
githubLink
};
render(data);
});
}
function showManagerList(managers) {
managers.forEach(manager => {
const expectedSalary = manager.calculateExpectedSalary();
const experience = manager.getExperience();
const portfolio = manager.getMBAProjects();
const data = {
expectedSalary,
experience,
portfolio
};
render(data);
});
}
Good:
function showEmployeeList(employees) {
employees.forEach(employee => {
const expectedSalary = employee.calculateExpectedSalary();
const experience = employee.getExperience();
const data = {
expectedSalary,
experience
};
switch (employee.type) {
case "manager":
data.portfolio = employee.getMBAProjects();
break;
case "developer":
data.githubLink = employee.getGithubLink();
break;
}
render(data);
});
}
使用Object.assign设置默认对象
Bad:
const menuConfig = {
title: null,
body: "Bar",
buttonText: null,
cancellable: true
};
function createMenu(config) {
config.title = config.title || "Foo";
config.body = config.body || "Bar";
config.buttonText = config.buttonText || "Baz";
config.cancellable =
config.cancellable !== undefined ? config.cancellable : true;
}
createMenu(menuConfig);
Good:
const menuConfig = {
title: "Order",
// User did not include 'body' key
buttonText: "Send",
cancellable: true
};
function createMenu(config) {
let finalConfig = Object.assign(
{
title: "Foo",
body: "Bar",
buttonText: "Baz",
cancellable: true
},
config
);
return finalConfig
// config now equals: {title: "Order", body: "Bar", buttonText: "Send", cancellable: true}
// ...
}
createMenu(menuConfig);
不要使用标志作为函数参数
标志告诉用户这个函数做不止一件事。函数应该只做一件事。如果函数基于布尔值执行不同的代码逻辑,则应该将它们分割开来。
Bad:
function createFile(name, temp) {
if (temp) {
fs.create(`./temp/${name}`);
} else {
fs.create(name);
}
}
Good:
function createFile(name) {
fs.create(name);
}
function createTempFile(name) {
createFile(`./temp/${name}`);
}
避免副作用(1)
Bad:
let name = "Ryan McDermott";
function splitIntoFirstAndLastName() {
name = name.split(" ");
}
splitIntoFirstAndLastName();
console.log(name); // ['Ryan', 'McDermott'];
Good:
function splitIntoFirstAndLastName(name) {
return name.split(" ");
}
const name = "Ryan McDermott";
const newName = splitIntoFirstAndLastName(name);
console.log(name); // 'Ryan McDermott';
console.log(newName); // ['Ryan', 'McDermott'];
避免副作用(2)
Bad:
const addItemToCart = (cart, item) => {
cart.push({ item, date: Date.now() });
};
Good:
const addItemToCart = (cart, item) => {
return [...cart, { item, date: Date.now() }];
};
不要更改全局函数
Bad:
Array.prototype.diff = function diff(comparisonArray) {
const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));
};
Good:
class SuperArray extends Array {
diff(comparisonArray) {
const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));
}
}
多用函数式编程
JavaScript不像Haskell那样是一种函数式语言,但它具有函数式风格。函数式语言更简洁,更容易测试。如果可以的话,尽量使用这种编程风格。
Bad:
const programmerOutput = [
{
name: "Uncle Bobby",
linesOfCode: 500
},
{
name: "Suzie Q",
linesOfCode: 1500
},
{
name: "Jimmy Gosling",
linesOfCode: 150
},
{
name: "Gracie Hopper",
linesOfCode: 1000
}
];
let totalOutput = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < programmerOutput.length; i++) {
totalOutput += programmerOutput[i].linesOfCode;
}
Good:
const programmerOutput = [
{
name: "Uncle Bobby",
linesOfCode: 500
},
{
name: "Suzie Q",
linesOfCode: 1500
},
{
name: "Jimmy Gosling",
linesOfCode: 150
},
{
name: "Gracie Hopper",
linesOfCode: 1000
}
];
const totalOutput = programmerOutput.reduce(
(totalLines, output) => totalLines + output.linesOfCode,
0
);
封装条件
Bad:
if (fsm.state === "fetching" && isEmpty(listNode)) {
// ...
}
Good:
function shouldShowSpinner(fsm, listNode) {
return fsm.state === "fetching" && isEmpty(listNode);
}
if (shouldShowSpinner(fsmInstance, listNodeInstance)) {
// ...
}
避免条件
这似乎是一个不可能完成的任务。大多数人一听到这句话就会说:“如果没有if语句,我该怎么做呢?”答案是,您可以在许多情况下使用多态性来实现相同的任务。第二个问题通常是,"这很好,但我为什么要这么做?"答案是我们以前学到的一个干净的代码概念:一个函数应该只做一件事。当你有带有if语句的类和函数时,你是在告诉用户你的函数做不止一件事。记住,只做一件事。
Bad:
class Airplane {
// ...
getCruisingAltitude() {
switch (this.type) {
case "777":
return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getPassengerCount();
case "Air Force One":
return this.getMaxAltitude();
case "Cessna":
return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getFuelExpenditure();
}
}
}
Good:
class Airplane {
// ...
}
class Boeing777 extends Airplane {
// ...
getCruisingAltitude() {
return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getPassengerCount();
}
}
class AirForceOne extends Airplane {
// ...
getCruisingAltitude() {
return this.getMaxAltitude();
}
}
class Cessna extends Airplane {
// ...
getCruisingAltitude() {
return this.getMaxAltitude() - this.getFuelExpenditure();
}
}
避免类型检查 (part 1)
JavaScript是无类型的,这意味着函数可以接受任何类型的参数。有时,您会被这种自由所困扰,并忍不住在函数中进行类型检查。有很多方法可以避免这样做。首先要考虑的是一致的api。
Bad:
function travelToTexas(vehicle) {
if (vehicle instanceof Bicycle) {
vehicle.pedal(this.currentLocation, new Location("texas"));
} else if (vehicle instanceof Car) {
vehicle.drive(this.currentLocation, new Location("texas"));
}
}
Good:
function travelToTexas(vehicle) {
vehicle.move(this.currentLocation, new Location("texas"));
}
避免类型检查 (part 2)
如果你使用的是基本的原始值,比如字符串和整数,你不能使用多态性,但你仍然觉得有必要进行类型检查,你应该考虑使用TypeScript。它是普通JavaScript的一个很好的替代方案,因为它提供了标准JavaScript语法之上的静态类型。手动类型检查常规JavaScript的问题是,要想做得好,需要太多额外的废话,以至于你得到的伪“类型安全”并不能弥补失去的可读性。保持JavaScript整洁,编写优秀的测试,并进行良好的代码审查。 Bad:
function combine(val1, val2) {
if (
(typeof val1 === "number" && typeof val2 === "number") ||
(typeof val1 === "string" && typeof val2 === "string")
) {
return val1 + val2;
}
throw new Error("Must be of type String or Number");
}
Good:
function combine(val1, val2) {
return val1 + val2;
}
不要过度优化
Bad:
for (let i = 0, len = list.length; i < len; i++) {
// ...
}
Good:
for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
// ...
}
删除无用代码
死代码和重复代码一样糟糕。没有理由将它保存在代码库中。如果它没有被调用,就把它处理掉!如果您仍然需要它,它在您的版本历史中仍然是安全的。
Bad:
function oldRequestModule(url) {
// ...
}
function newRequestModule(url) {
// ...
}
const req = newRequestModule;
inventoryTracker("apples", req, "www.inventory-awesome.io");
Good:
function newRequestModule(url) {
// ...
}
const req = newRequestModule;
inventoryTracker("apples", req, "www.inventory-awesome.io");
对象和数据结构
使用getters/setters语句
使用getter和setter访问对象上的数据可能比简单地查找对象上的属性更好。你可能会问:“为什么?“,下面列举了一些原因:
- 当您想要做的不仅仅是获取一个对象属性时,您不必在代码库中查找和更改每个访问器。
- 使得
set
执行集合时添加验证变得简单。 - 易于添加日志和错误处理时,获取和设置。
- 你可以延迟加载对象的属性,比如说从服务器获取。
Bad:
function makeBankAccount() {
// ...
return {
balance: 0
// ...
};
}
const account = makeBankAccount();
account.balance = 100;
Good:
function makeBankAccount() {
// this one is private
let balance = 0;
// a "getter", made public via the returned object below
function getBalance() {
return balance;
}
// a "setter", made public via the returned object below
function setBalance(amount) {
// ... validate before updating the balance
balance = amount;
}
return {
// ...
getBalance,
setBalance
};
}
const account = makeBankAccount();
account.setBalance(100);
使对象具有私有成员
这可以通过闭包(针对ES5及以下版本)来实现。
Bad:
const Employee = function(name) {
this.name = name;
};
Employee.prototype.getName = function getName() {
return this.name;
};
const employee = new Employee("John Doe");
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe
delete employee.name;
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: undefined
Good:
function makeEmployee(name) {
return {
getName() {
return name;
}
};
}
const employee = makeEmployee("John Doe");
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe
delete employee.name;
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe
Classes
多用ES6
Bad:
const Animal = function(age) {
if (!(this instanceof Animal)) {
throw new Error("Instantiate Animal with `new`");
}
this.age = age;
};
Animal.prototype.move = function move() {};
const Mammal = function(age, furColor) {
if (!(this instanceof Mammal)) {
throw new Error("Instantiate Mammal with `new`");
}
Animal.call(this, age);
this.furColor = furColor;
};
Mammal.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Mammal.prototype.constructor = Mammal;
Mammal.prototype.liveBirth = function liveBirth() {};
const Human = function(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
if (!(this instanceof Human)) {
throw new Error("Instantiate Human with `new`");
}
Mammal.call(this, age, furColor);
this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
};
Human.prototype = Object.create(Mammal.prototype);
Human.prototype.constructor = Human;
Human.prototype.speak = function speak() {};
Good:
class Animal {
constructor(age) {
this.age = age;
}
move() {
/* ... */
}
}
class Mammal extends Animal {
constructor(age, furColor) {
super(age);
this.furColor = furColor;
}
liveBirth() {
/* ... */
}
}
class Human extends Mammal {
constructor(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
super(age, furColor);
this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
}
speak() {
/* ... */
}
}
使用方法链
这种模式在 JavaScript 中非常有用,您可以在许多库中看到它,例如 jQuery 和 Lodash。 它使您的代码具有表现力,并且不那么冗长。 出于这个原因,我说,使用方法链并看看您的代码将有多干净。 在您的类函数中,只需在每个函数的末尾返回 this,您就可以将更多的类方法链接到它上面。
Bad:
class Car {
constructor(make, model, color) {
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}
setMake(make) {
this.make = make;
}
setModel(model) {
this.model = model;
}
setColor(color) {
this.color = color;
}
save() {
console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
}
}
const car = new Car("Ford", "F-150", "red");
car.setColor("pink");
car.save();
Good:
class Car {
constructor(make, model, color) {
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}
setMake(make) {
this.make = make;
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
setModel(model) {
this.model = model;
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
setColor(color) {
this.color = color;
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
save() {
console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
}
const car = new Car("Ford", "F-150", "red").setColor("pink").save();
偏好组合而非继承
正如在Gang of Four的设计模式中所说的那样,您应该尽可能地选择组合而不是继承。有很多很好的理由使用继承,也有很多很好的理由使用组合。这条格言的主要观点是,如果你的头脑本能地倾向于继承,试着思考一下构图是否能更好地模拟你的问题。在某些情况下是可以的。
您可能会想,“我应该在什么时候使用继承?”这取决于您手头的问题,但这是继承比组合更有意义的一些不错的点:
- 你的继承代表的是“是-a”关系而不是“是-a”关系(Human->Animal vs. User->UserDetails)。 relationship (Human->Animal vs. User->UserDetails).
- 您可以重用基类中的代码(人类可以像所有动物一样移动)。
- 您希望通过更改基类来对派生类进行全局更改。(改变所有动物运动时的热量消耗)。
Bad:
class Employee {
constructor(name, email) {
this.name = name;
this.email = email;
}
// ...
}
// Bad because Employees "have" tax data. EmployeeTaxData is not a type of Employee
class EmployeeTaxData extends Employee {
constructor(ssn, salary) {
super();
this.ssn = ssn;
this.salary = salary;
}
// ...
}
Good:
class EmployeeTaxData {
constructor(ssn, salary) {
this.ssn = ssn;
this.salary = salary;
}
// ...
}
class Employee {
constructor(name, email) {
this.name = name;
this.email = email;
}
setTaxData(ssn, salary) {
this.taxData = new EmployeeTaxData(ssn, salary);
}
// ...
}
固态
单一责任原则
正如Clean Code中所述,“一个类的更改原因不应该超过一个”。如果你只能带一个行李箱上飞机,那就很容易把一门课程塞进很多功能中。这样做的问题是,你的类在概念上没有连贯性,这会给它带来很多改变的理由。将更改类的时间最小化是很重要的。这很重要,因为如果一个类中有太多的功能,而您修改了其中的一部分,就很难理解这将如何影响代码库中的其他依赖模块。
Bad:
class UserSettings {
constructor(user) {
this.user = user;
}
changeSettings(settings) {
if (this.verifyCredentials()) {
// ...
}
}
verifyCredentials() {
// ...
}
}
Good:
class UserAuth {
constructor(user) {
this.user = user;
}
verifyCredentials() {
// ...
}
}
class UserSettings {
constructor(user) {
this.user = user;
this.auth = new UserAuth(user);
}
changeSettings(settings) {
if (this.auth.verifyCredentials()) {
// ...
}
}
}
开放封闭原则
正如Bertrand Meyer所说,“软件实体(类、模块、函数等)应该对扩展开放,但对修改关闭。”这意味着什么呢?这个原则基本上是说,您应该允许用户添加新功能,而不改变现有的代码。
Bad:
class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter {
constructor() {
super();
this.name = "ajaxAdapter";
}
}
class NodeAdapter extends Adapter {
constructor() {
super();
this.name = "nodeAdapter";
}
}
class HttpRequester {
constructor(adapter) {
this.adapter = adapter;
}
fetch(url) {
if (this.adapter.name === "ajaxAdapter") {
return makeAjaxCall(url).then(response => {
// transform response and return
});
} else if (this.adapter.name === "nodeAdapter") {
return makeHttpCall(url).then(response => {
// transform response and return
});
}
}
}
function makeAjaxCall(url) {
// request and return promise
}
function makeHttpCall(url) {
// request and return promise
}
Good:
class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter {
constructor() {
super();
this.name = "ajaxAdapter";
}
request(url) {
// request and return promise
}
}
class NodeAdapter extends Adapter {
constructor() {
super();
this.name = "nodeAdapter";
}
request(url) {
// request and return promise
}
}
class HttpRequester {
constructor(adapter) {
this.adapter = adapter;
}
fetch(url) {
return this.adapter.request(url).then(response => {
// transform response and return
});
}
}
里氏替换原则
对于一个非常简单的概念来说,这是一个可怕的术语。它被正式定义为“如果S是T的子类型,那么T类型的对象可以被S类型的对象替换(也就是说,S类型的对象可以替换T类型的对象),而不改变该程序的任何理想属性(正确性,执行的任务,等等)。”这是一个更可怕的定义。
对此最好的解释是,如果你有一个父类和一个子类,那么基类和子类可以互换使用,而不会得到错误的结果。这可能仍然令人困惑,所以让我们看看经典的正方形-矩形示例。从数学上讲,正方形是一个矩形,但是如果您通过继承使用“is-a”关系来建模它,您很快就会遇到麻烦。
Bad:
class Rectangle {
constructor() {
this.width = 0;
this.height = 0;
}
setColor(color) {
// ...
}
render(area) {
// ...
}
setWidth(width) {
this.width = width;
}
setHeight(height) {
this.height = height;
}
getArea() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
}
class Square extends Rectangle {
setWidth(width) {
this.width = width;
this.height = width;
}
setHeight(height) {
this.width = height;
this.height = height;
}
}
function renderLargeRectangles(rectangles) {
rectangles.forEach(rectangle => {
rectangle.setWidth(4);
rectangle.setHeight(5);
const area = rectangle.getArea(); // BAD: Returns 25 for Square. Should be 20.
rectangle.render(area);
});
}
const rectangles = [new Rectangle(), new Rectangle(), new Square()];
renderLargeRectangles(rectangles);
Good:
class Shape {
setColor(color) {
// ...
}
render(area) {
// ...
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape {
constructor(width, height) {
super();
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}
getArea() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
}
class Square extends Shape {
constructor(length) {
super();
this.length = length;
}
getArea() {
return this.length * this.length;
}
}
function renderLargeShapes(shapes) {
shapes.forEach(shape => {
const area = shape.getArea();
shape.render(area);
});
}
const shapes = [new Rectangle(4, 5), new Rectangle(4, 5), new Square(5)];
renderLargeShapes(shapes);
接口隔离原理
JavaScript没有接口,所以这个原则不像其他原则那么严格。然而,即使在JavaScript缺乏类型系统的情况下,它也很重要和相关。
ISP声明:“不应该强迫客户依赖他们不使用的接口。”由于duck类型,接口在JavaScript中是隐式契约
在JavaScript中演示这一原则的一个很好的例子是需要大型设置对象的类。不需要客户设置大量的选项是有益的,因为大多数时候他们不需要所有的设置。使它们可选有助于防止出现“臃肿”。
Bad:
class DOMTraverser {
constructor(settings) {
this.settings = settings;
this.setup();
}
setup() {
this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode;
this.settings.animationModule.setup();
}
traverse() {
// ...
}
}
const $ = new DOMTraverser({
rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName("body"),
animationModule() {} // Most of the time, we won't need to animate when traversing.
// ...
});
Good:
class DOMTraverser {
constructor(settings) {
this.settings = settings;
this.options = settings.options;
this.setup();
}
setup() {
this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode;
this.setupOptions();
}
setupOptions() {
if (this.options.animationModule) {
// ...
}
}
traverse() {
// ...
}
}
const $ = new DOMTraverser({
rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName("body"),
options: {
animationModule() {}
}
});
依赖倒置原理
这个原则陈述了两个重要的事情:
- 高级模块不应该依赖于低级模块。 两者都应该依赖于抽象。
- 抽象不应该依赖于细节。 细节应该取决于抽象。
一开始这可能很难理解,但是如果您使用过 AngularJS,您就会看到该原则以依赖注入 (DI) 的形式实现。 虽然它们不是相同的概念,但 DIP 使高级模块无法了解其低级模块的详细信息并进行设置。 它可以通过 DI 实现这一点。 这样做的一个巨大好处是它减少了模块之间的耦合。 耦合是一种非常糟糕的开发模式,因为它使您的代码难以重构。
如前所述,JavaScript 没有接口,因此依赖的抽象是隐式契约。 也就是说,一个对象/类向另一个对象/类公开的方法和属性。 在下面的示例中,隐式约定是 anInventoryTracker
的任何请求模块都将具有 requestItems
方法。
Bad:
class InventoryRequester {
constructor() {
this.REQ_METHODS = ["HTTP"];
}
requestItem(item) {
// ...
}
}
class InventoryTracker {
constructor(items) {
this.items = items;
// BAD: We have created a dependency on a specific request implementation.
// We should just have requestItems depend on a request method: `request`
this.requester = new InventoryRequester();
}
requestItems() {
this.items.forEach(item => {
this.requester.requestItem(item);
});
}
}
const inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(["apples", "bananas"]);
inventoryTracker.requestItems();
Good:
class InventoryTracker {
constructor(items, requester) {
this.items = items;
this.requester = requester;
}
requestItems() {
this.items.forEach(item => {
this.requester.requestItem(item);
});
}
}
class InventoryRequesterV1 {
constructor() {
this.REQ_METHODS = ["HTTP"];
}
requestItem(item) {
// ...
}
}
class InventoryRequesterV2 {
constructor() {
this.REQ_METHODS = ["WS"];
}
requestItem(item) {
// ...
}
}
// By constructing our dependencies externally and injecting them, we can easily
// substitute our request module for a fancy new one that uses WebSockets.
const inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(
["apples", "bananas"],
new InventoryRequesterV2()
);
inventoryTracker.requestItems();
测试
每次测试单一概念
Bad:
import assert from "assert";
describe("MomentJS", () => {
it("handles date boundaries", () => {
let date;
date = new MomentJS("1/1/2015");
date.addDays(30);
assert.equal("1/31/2015", date);
date = new MomentJS("2/1/2016");
date.addDays(28);
assert.equal("02/29/2016", date);
date = new MomentJS("2/1/2015");
date.addDays(28);
assert.equal("03/01/2015", date);
});
});
Good:
import assert from "assert";
describe("MomentJS", () => {
it("handles 30-day months", () => {
const date = new MomentJS("1/1/2015");
date.addDays(30);
assert.equal("1/31/2015", date);
});
it("handles leap year", () => {
const date = new MomentJS("2/1/2016");
date.addDays(28);
assert.equal("02/29/2016", date);
});
it("handles non-leap year", () => {
const date = new MomentJS("2/1/2015");
date.addDays(28);
assert.equal("03/01/2015", date);
});
});
并发性
尽量使用promise
Callbacks aren't clean, and they cause excessive amounts of nesting. With ES2015/ES6, Promises are a built-in global type. Use them!
Bad:
import { get } from "request";
import { writeFile } from "fs";
get(
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin",
(requestErr, response, body) => {
if (requestErr) {
console.error(requestErr);
} else {
writeFile("article.html", body, writeErr => {
if (writeErr) {
console.error(writeErr);
} else {
console.log("File written");
}
});
}
}
);
Good:
import { get } from "request-promise";
import { writeFile } from "fs-extra";
get("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin")
.then(body => {
return writeFile("article.html", body);
})
.then(() => {
console.log("File written");
})
.catch(err => {
console.error(err);
});
Async/Await 更优于Promise
Promise 是回调的一个非常干净的替代方案,但 ES2017/ES8
带来了 async
和 await
,它们提供了一个更干净的解决方案。 您所需要的只是一个以 async 关键字为前缀的函数,然后您就可以在没有 then 函数链的情况下命令式地编写逻辑。 如果您今天可以利用 ES2017/ES8
功能,请使用它!
Bad:
import { get } from "request-promise";
import { writeFile } from "fs-extra";
get("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin")
.then(body => {
return writeFile("article.html", body);
})
.then(() => {
console.log("File written");
})
.catch(err => {
console.error(err);
});
Good:
import { get } from "request-promise";
import { writeFile } from "fs-extra";
async function getCleanCodeArticle() {
try {
const body = await get(
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin"
);
await writeFile("article.html", body);
console.log("File written");
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
}
}
getCleanCodeArticle()
错误警告捕捉
不要忘记捕捉报错
对捕获的错误不采取任何措施并不能让您永远修复或应对所述错误。 将错误记录到控制台 (console.log
) 并没有好到哪里去,因为它经常会迷失在打印到控制台的大量内容中。 如果你在 try/catch
中包装了任何代码,这意味着你认为那里可能会发生错误,因此你应该有一个计划,或者创建一个代码路径,以备不时之需。
Bad:
try {
functionThatMightThrow();
} catch (error) {
console.log(error);
}
Good:
try {
functionThatMightThrow();
} catch (error) {
// One option (more noisy than console.log):
console.error(error);
// Another option:
notifyUserOfError(error);
// Another option:
reportErrorToService(error);
// OR do all three!
}
模式
一致化命名
JavaScript是无类型的,所以大写可以告诉你很多关于变量、函数等的信息。这些规则是主观的,所以你的团队可以选择他们想要的任何规则。关键是,无论你们选择什么,保持一致就好。
Bad:
const DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
const daysInMonth = 30;
const songs = ["Back In Black", "Stairway to Heaven", "Hey Jude"];
const Artists = ["ACDC", "Led Zeppelin", "The Beatles"];
function eraseDatabase() {}
function restore_database() {}
class animal {}
class Alpaca {}
Good:
const DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
const DAYS_IN_MONTH = 30;
const SONGS = ["Back In Black", "Stairway to Heaven", "Hey Jude"];
const ARTISTS = ["ACDC", "Led Zeppelin", "The Beatles"];
function eraseDatabase() {}
function restoreDatabase() {}
class Animal {}
class Alpaca {}
函数调用者和被调用者应该是接近的
如果一个函数调用另一个函数,在源文件中保持这些函数垂直接近。理想情况下,让打电话的人在被打电话的人的正上方。我们倾向于从上到下阅读代码,就像阅读报纸一样。因此,让您的代码以这种方式阅读。
Bad:
class PerformanceReview {
constructor(employee) {
this.employee = employee;
}
lookupPeers() {
return db.lookup(this.employee, "peers");
}
lookupManager() {
return db.lookup(this.employee, "manager");
}
getPeerReviews() {
const peers = this.lookupPeers();
// ...
}
perfReview() {
this.getPeerReviews();
this.getManagerReview();
this.getSelfReview();
}
getManagerReview() {
const manager = this.lookupManager();
}
getSelfReview() {
// ...
}
}
const review = new PerformanceReview(employee);
review.perfReview();
Good:
class PerformanceReview {
constructor(employee) {
this.employee = employee;
}
perfReview() {
this.getPeerReviews();
this.getManagerReview();
this.getSelfReview();
}
getPeerReviews() {
const peers = this.lookupPeers();
// ...
}
lookupPeers() {
return db.lookup(this.employee, "peers");
}
getManagerReview() {
const manager = this.lookupManager();
}
lookupManager() {
return db.lookup(this.employee, "manager");
}
getSelfReview() {
// ...
}
}
const review = new PerformanceReview(employee);
review.perfReview();
注释
只注释具有业务逻辑复杂性的东西
Bad:
function hashIt(data) {
// The hash
let hash = 0;
// Length of string
const length = data.length;
// Loop through every character in data
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
// Get character code.
const char = data.charCodeAt(i);
// Make the hash
hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char;
// Convert to 32-bit integer
hash &= hash;
}
}
Good:
function hashIt(data) {
let hash = 0;
const length = data.length;
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
const char = data.charCodeAt(i);
hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char;
// Convert to 32-bit integer
hash &= hash;
}
}
不要在你的代码库中留下注释掉的代码
Bad:
doStuff();
// doOtherStuff();
// doSomeMoreStuff();
// doSoMuchStuff();
Good:
doStuff();
不要写日志评论
记住,使用版本控制!不需要死代码、注释代码,尤其是日志注释。使用 git log
来获取历史记录
Bad:
/**
* 2016-12-20: Removed monads, didn't understand them (RM)
* 2016-10-01: Improved using special monads (JP)
* 2016-02-03: Removed type-checking (LI)
* 2015-03-14: Added combine with type-checking (JR)
*/
function combine(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
Good:
function combine(a, b) {
return a + b;
}